Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie

Administracja Centralna Uczelni - Wymiana międzynarodowa (S2)

Sylabus przedmiotu Cost-Benefit Analysis and Optimisation in Logistics and Transport:

Informacje podstawowe

Kierunek studiów Wymiana międzynarodowa
Forma studiów studia stacjonarne Poziom drugiego stopnia
Tytuł zawodowy absolwenta
Obszary studiów
Profil
Moduł
Przedmiot Cost-Benefit Analysis and Optimisation in Logistics and Transport
Specjalność przedmiot wspólny
Jednostka prowadząca Katedra Konstrukcji, Mechaniki i Technologii Okrętów
Nauczyciel odpowiedzialny Zbigniew Sekulski <Zbigniew.Sekulski@zut.edu.pl>
Inni nauczyciele
ECTS (planowane) 6,0 ECTS (formy) 6,0
Forma zaliczenia zaliczenie Język angielski
Blok obieralny Grupa obieralna

Formy dydaktyczne

Forma dydaktycznaKODSemestrGodzinyECTSWagaZaliczenie
wykładyW1 30 2,50,40zaliczenie
projektyP1 30 3,50,60zaliczenie

Wymagania wstępne

KODWymaganie wstępne
W-1Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA), transport, logistics, projects, decisions, optimisation.

Cele przedmiotu

KODCel modułu/przedmiotu
C-1To give relevant knowledge for calculating and comparing benefits and costs of project or decision (hereafter, "project") in transport and logistics. Lecture has two purposes: (1) to determine if it is sound investment/decision (justification/feasibility) in transport and logistics, (2) to provide basis for comparing projects. It involves comparing total expected cost of each option against total expected benefits, to see whether benefits outweigh costs, and by how much.

Treści programowe z podziałem na formy zajęć

KODTreść programowaGodziny
projekty
T-P-1Cost benefit analysis steps of the sample business project in logistics and transport, the goals and objectives of the action: (1) list alternative actions, (2) list stakeholders, (3) select measurement(s) and measure all cost and benefit elements, (4) predict outcome of costs and benefits over the relevant time period, (5) convert all costs and benefits into a common currency, (6) apply static (non dependant on time) measurements, (7) apply discount rate, (8) calculate the net present value of actions under consideration, (9) perform sensitivity analysis, (10) adopt the recommended course of action.30
30
wykłady
T-W-1Introduction: the cost-benefit analysis in logistics and transport.2
T-W-2Discussion and analysis of two main applications of cost-benefit analysis in logistics and transport: (1) determine if an investment (or decision) is sound, ascertaining if – and by how much – its benefits outweigh its costs, (2) provide a basis for comparing investments (or decisions), comparing the total expected cost of each option with its total expected benefits.2
T-W-3Discussion and analysis the benefits most commonly considered in benefit-cost analysis of logistic ans transportation projects: (1) travel time or delay reductions, (2) vehicle cost savings, (3) accident reductions, (4) air emission and greenhouse gas reductions, (5) parking costs savings from projects that reduce vehicle ownership and use. Other effects are: (1) equity and option value impacts that result from projects that increase transport system affordability and diversity; (2) induced travel, including new trips and changes in mode, route, and time of travel; (3) travel time reliability; (4) noise effects; (5) construction disbenefits; (6) habitat and water quality impacts; (7) economic effects; (8) community impacts.4
T-W-4Discussion and analysis the costs most commonly considered in benefit-cost analysis of transportation projects: (1) initial costs (site acquisition; planning, design, engineering, and construction); (2) continuing costs; (3) rehabilitation costs; (4) "end of project" costs. Discussion of opportunity costs.4
T-W-5Economic profitability in transport and logistics: introduction, Payback Period analysis, time value of money, discount rate, Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return, a profitability example6
T-W-6Optimisation problems in financial managements and analysis of projects in transport and logistics.3
T-W-7Single- and multi-objective optimization problems in cost-benefit analysis in logistics and transport.4
T-W-8Risk and uncertainty in cost-benefit analysis in logistics and transport.3
T-W-9Evaluation of knowledge.2
30

Obciążenie pracą studenta - formy aktywności

KODForma aktywnościGodziny
projekty
A-P-1Participation in classes.30
A-P-2Preparation of homeworks and projects.65
A-P-3Preparation to skills evaluation.10
105
wykłady
A-W-1Class participation and active engagement for developing and refining students ability to critically and productively engage with the subjects being studied.30
A-W-2Self study.35
A-W-3Preparation to knowledge evaluation.10
75

Metody nauczania / narzędzia dydaktyczne

KODMetoda nauczania / narzędzie dydaktyczne
M-1Lectures
M-2Exercises

Sposoby oceny

KODSposób oceny
S-1Ocena podsumowująca: Students will be expected to complete written tests, projects and homework assignments as specified by the teacher.
S-2Ocena formująca: Student attendance and participation in class sessions play a vital role in successful course completion.

Zamierzone efekty uczenia się - wiedza

Zamierzone efekty uczenia sięOdniesienie do efektów kształcenia dla kierunku studiówOdniesienie do efektów zdefiniowanych dla obszaru kształceniaCel przedmiotuTreści programoweMetody nauczaniaSposób oceny
WM-WTMiT_2-_null_W01
On successful completion of this course, students will be able to: (1) formulate a wide range of management problems in transportation and logistics that can be solved to optimality by classical continuous as well as combinatorial optimization techniques and the knowledge of alternative solution approaches such as metaheuristics that can find nearly optimal solutions; (2) awareness how difficult some practical optimization problems in transportation and logistics can be and the complex role performed by managers; (3) understanding the construction and main solution ideas for nonlinear optimization problems in transportation and logistics; (4) assess the quality of available methods and solutions for such problems, as well as to potentially develop such optimization techniques and implementations; (5) formulate optimization problems in transportation and logistics in the presence of uncertainty; (6) knowledge of techniques that can be used to solve such problems; (7) effectively communicate the results of the cost-benefit analysis and optimization to the relevant parties.
C-1T-W-1, T-W-2, T-W-3, T-W-4, T-W-5, T-W-6, T-W-7, T-W-8M-1S-1, S-2

Zamierzone efekty uczenia się - umiejętności

Zamierzone efekty uczenia sięOdniesienie do efektów kształcenia dla kierunku studiówOdniesienie do efektów zdefiniowanych dla obszaru kształceniaCel przedmiotuTreści programoweMetody nauczaniaSposób oceny
WM-WTMiT_2-_null_U01
The ability to use the acquired knowledge to solve practical problems.
C-1T-P-1M-2S-1, S-2

Zamierzone efekty uczenia się - inne kompetencje społeczne i personalne

Zamierzone efekty uczenia sięOdniesienie do efektów kształcenia dla kierunku studiówOdniesienie do efektów zdefiniowanych dla obszaru kształceniaCel przedmiotuTreści programoweMetody nauczaniaSposób oceny
WM-WTMiT_2-_null_K01
Improvement of social and personal competencies including self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, relationship skills, responsible decision-making and others. Encouraging dialogue and mutual respect between peoples of different nations, cultures and faiths.
C-1T-P-1M-2S-1, S-2

Kryterium oceny - wiedza

Efekt uczenia sięOcenaKryterium oceny
WM-WTMiT_2-_null_W01
On successful completion of this course, students will be able to: (1) formulate a wide range of management problems in transportation and logistics that can be solved to optimality by classical continuous as well as combinatorial optimization techniques and the knowledge of alternative solution approaches such as metaheuristics that can find nearly optimal solutions; (2) awareness how difficult some practical optimization problems in transportation and logistics can be and the complex role performed by managers; (3) understanding the construction and main solution ideas for nonlinear optimization problems in transportation and logistics; (4) assess the quality of available methods and solutions for such problems, as well as to potentially develop such optimization techniques and implementations; (5) formulate optimization problems in transportation and logistics in the presence of uncertainty; (6) knowledge of techniques that can be used to solve such problems; (7) effectively communicate the results of the cost-benefit analysis and optimization to the relevant parties.
2,0Students performing at this level demonstrate no evidence of the knowledge, skills, and practices embodied by the course assessed at their grade level. The range for the grade of 2.0 is from 0% to 50% of the total possible score (100%).
3,0Students performing at this level demonstrate a minimal command of the knowledge and/or skills embodied by the course assessed at their grade level. The range for the grade of 3.0 is from 51% to 60% of the total possible score (100%).
3,5Students performing at this level demonstrate a beginning command of the knowledge and/or skills embodied by the course assessed at their grade level. The range for the grade of 3.5 is from 61% to 70% of the total possible score (100%).
4,0Students performing at this level demonstrate a developing command of the knowledge, skills, and practices embodied by the course at their grade level. The range for the grade of 4.0 is from 71% to 80% of the total possible score (100%).
4,5Students performing at this level demonstrate a moderate command of the knowledge, skills, and practices embodied by the course. Students at this level are approaching the standards at their grade level. The range for the grade of 4.5 is from 81% to 90% of the total possible score (100%).
5,0Students performing at this level demonstrate a distinguished and strong command of the knowledge, skills, and practices embodied by the course. Students at this level are meeting or extending the standards at their grade level. The range for the grade of 5.0 is from 91% to 100% of the total possible score (100%).

Kryterium oceny - umiejętności

Efekt uczenia sięOcenaKryterium oceny
WM-WTMiT_2-_null_U01
The ability to use the acquired knowledge to solve practical problems.
2,0Students performing at this level demonstrate no evidence of the knowledge, skills, and practices embodied by the course assessed at their grade level. The range for the grade of 2.0 is from 0% to 50% of the total possible score (100%).
3,0Students performing at this level demonstrate a minimal command of the knowledge and/or skills embodied by the course assessed at their grade level. The range for the grade of 3.0 is from 51% to 60% of the total possible score (100%).
3,5Students performing at this level demonstrate a beginning command of the knowledge and/or skills embodied by the course assessed at their grade level. The range for the grade of 3.5 is from 61% to 70% of the total possible score (100%).
4,0Students performing at this level demonstrate a developing command of the knowledge, skills, and practices embodied by the course at their grade level. The range for the grade of 4.0 is from 71% to 80% of the total possible score (100%).
4,5Students performing at this level demonstrate a moderate command of the knowledge, skills, and practices embodied by the course. Students at this level are approaching the standards at their grade level. The range for the grade of 4.5 is from 81% to 90% of the total possible score (100%).
5,0Students performing at this level demonstrate a distinguished and strong command of the knowledge, skills, and practices embodied by the course. Students at this level are meeting or extending the standards at their grade level. The range for the grade of 5.0 is from 91% to 100% of the total possible score (100%).

Kryterium oceny - inne kompetencje społeczne i personalne

Efekt uczenia sięOcenaKryterium oceny
WM-WTMiT_2-_null_K01
Improvement of social and personal competencies including self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, relationship skills, responsible decision-making and others. Encouraging dialogue and mutual respect between peoples of different nations, cultures and faiths.
2,0Students performing at this level demonstrate no evidence of increased social and emotional skills, improved attitude toward self and others, improved positive social behaviors, decreased conduct problems and emotional distress.
3,0Acceptable student's achivements in increased social and emotional skills, improved attitude toward self and others, improved positive social behaviors, decreased conduct problems and emotional distress.
3,5Below average student's achivements in increased social and emotional skills, improved attitude toward self and others, improved positive social behaviors, decreased conduct problems and emotional distress.
4,0Average student's achivements in increased social and emotional skills, improved attitude toward self and others, improved positive social behaviors, decreased conduct problems and emotional distress.
4,5Above average student's achivements in increased social and emotional skills, improved attitude toward self and others, improved positive social behaviors, decreased conduct problems and emotional distress.
5,0Oustending student's achivements in increased social and emotional skills, improved attitude toward self and others, improved positive social behaviors, decreased conduct problems and emotional distress.

Literatura podstawowa

  1. Brent R.J., Applied cost-benefit analysis, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 2007
  2. Boardman A.E., Cost-Benefit Analysis: concept and practice, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2006
  3. Pearce D.W., Cost-Benefit Analysis, Macmillan Publishers Limited, London, 1983, ISBN 978-0-333-35281-6, DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-17196-5

Literatura dodatkowa

  1. Gramlich E.M., A guide to benefit-cost analysis, Waveland Press, Prospect Heights, Illinois, 1998
  2. Keeney R.L., Raiffa H., Decisions with multiple objectives: preferences and value tradeoffs, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (UK), 1993

Treści programowe - projekty

KODTreść programowaGodziny
T-P-1Cost benefit analysis steps of the sample business project in logistics and transport, the goals and objectives of the action: (1) list alternative actions, (2) list stakeholders, (3) select measurement(s) and measure all cost and benefit elements, (4) predict outcome of costs and benefits over the relevant time period, (5) convert all costs and benefits into a common currency, (6) apply static (non dependant on time) measurements, (7) apply discount rate, (8) calculate the net present value of actions under consideration, (9) perform sensitivity analysis, (10) adopt the recommended course of action.30
30

Treści programowe - wykłady

KODTreść programowaGodziny
T-W-1Introduction: the cost-benefit analysis in logistics and transport.2
T-W-2Discussion and analysis of two main applications of cost-benefit analysis in logistics and transport: (1) determine if an investment (or decision) is sound, ascertaining if – and by how much – its benefits outweigh its costs, (2) provide a basis for comparing investments (or decisions), comparing the total expected cost of each option with its total expected benefits.2
T-W-3Discussion and analysis the benefits most commonly considered in benefit-cost analysis of logistic ans transportation projects: (1) travel time or delay reductions, (2) vehicle cost savings, (3) accident reductions, (4) air emission and greenhouse gas reductions, (5) parking costs savings from projects that reduce vehicle ownership and use. Other effects are: (1) equity and option value impacts that result from projects that increase transport system affordability and diversity; (2) induced travel, including new trips and changes in mode, route, and time of travel; (3) travel time reliability; (4) noise effects; (5) construction disbenefits; (6) habitat and water quality impacts; (7) economic effects; (8) community impacts.4
T-W-4Discussion and analysis the costs most commonly considered in benefit-cost analysis of transportation projects: (1) initial costs (site acquisition; planning, design, engineering, and construction); (2) continuing costs; (3) rehabilitation costs; (4) "end of project" costs. Discussion of opportunity costs.4
T-W-5Economic profitability in transport and logistics: introduction, Payback Period analysis, time value of money, discount rate, Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return, a profitability example6
T-W-6Optimisation problems in financial managements and analysis of projects in transport and logistics.3
T-W-7Single- and multi-objective optimization problems in cost-benefit analysis in logistics and transport.4
T-W-8Risk and uncertainty in cost-benefit analysis in logistics and transport.3
T-W-9Evaluation of knowledge.2
30

Formy aktywności - projekty

KODForma aktywnościGodziny
A-P-1Participation in classes.30
A-P-2Preparation of homeworks and projects.65
A-P-3Preparation to skills evaluation.10
105
(*) 1 punkt ECTS, odpowiada około 30 godzinom aktywności studenta

Formy aktywności - wykłady

KODForma aktywnościGodziny
A-W-1Class participation and active engagement for developing and refining students ability to critically and productively engage with the subjects being studied.30
A-W-2Self study.35
A-W-3Preparation to knowledge evaluation.10
75
(*) 1 punkt ECTS, odpowiada około 30 godzinom aktywności studenta
PoleKODZnaczenie kodu
Zamierzone efekty uczenia sięWM-WTMiT_2-_null_W01On successful completion of this course, students will be able to: (1) formulate a wide range of management problems in transportation and logistics that can be solved to optimality by classical continuous as well as combinatorial optimization techniques and the knowledge of alternative solution approaches such as metaheuristics that can find nearly optimal solutions; (2) awareness how difficult some practical optimization problems in transportation and logistics can be and the complex role performed by managers; (3) understanding the construction and main solution ideas for nonlinear optimization problems in transportation and logistics; (4) assess the quality of available methods and solutions for such problems, as well as to potentially develop such optimization techniques and implementations; (5) formulate optimization problems in transportation and logistics in the presence of uncertainty; (6) knowledge of techniques that can be used to solve such problems; (7) effectively communicate the results of the cost-benefit analysis and optimization to the relevant parties.
Cel przedmiotuC-1To give relevant knowledge for calculating and comparing benefits and costs of project or decision (hereafter, "project") in transport and logistics. Lecture has two purposes: (1) to determine if it is sound investment/decision (justification/feasibility) in transport and logistics, (2) to provide basis for comparing projects. It involves comparing total expected cost of each option against total expected benefits, to see whether benefits outweigh costs, and by how much.
Treści programoweT-W-1Introduction: the cost-benefit analysis in logistics and transport.
T-W-2Discussion and analysis of two main applications of cost-benefit analysis in logistics and transport: (1) determine if an investment (or decision) is sound, ascertaining if – and by how much – its benefits outweigh its costs, (2) provide a basis for comparing investments (or decisions), comparing the total expected cost of each option with its total expected benefits.
T-W-3Discussion and analysis the benefits most commonly considered in benefit-cost analysis of logistic ans transportation projects: (1) travel time or delay reductions, (2) vehicle cost savings, (3) accident reductions, (4) air emission and greenhouse gas reductions, (5) parking costs savings from projects that reduce vehicle ownership and use. Other effects are: (1) equity and option value impacts that result from projects that increase transport system affordability and diversity; (2) induced travel, including new trips and changes in mode, route, and time of travel; (3) travel time reliability; (4) noise effects; (5) construction disbenefits; (6) habitat and water quality impacts; (7) economic effects; (8) community impacts.
T-W-4Discussion and analysis the costs most commonly considered in benefit-cost analysis of transportation projects: (1) initial costs (site acquisition; planning, design, engineering, and construction); (2) continuing costs; (3) rehabilitation costs; (4) "end of project" costs. Discussion of opportunity costs.
T-W-5Economic profitability in transport and logistics: introduction, Payback Period analysis, time value of money, discount rate, Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return, a profitability example
T-W-6Optimisation problems in financial managements and analysis of projects in transport and logistics.
T-W-7Single- and multi-objective optimization problems in cost-benefit analysis in logistics and transport.
T-W-8Risk and uncertainty in cost-benefit analysis in logistics and transport.
Metody nauczaniaM-1Lectures
Sposób ocenyS-1Ocena podsumowująca: Students will be expected to complete written tests, projects and homework assignments as specified by the teacher.
S-2Ocena formująca: Student attendance and participation in class sessions play a vital role in successful course completion.
Kryteria ocenyOcenaKryterium oceny
2,0Students performing at this level demonstrate no evidence of the knowledge, skills, and practices embodied by the course assessed at their grade level. The range for the grade of 2.0 is from 0% to 50% of the total possible score (100%).
3,0Students performing at this level demonstrate a minimal command of the knowledge and/or skills embodied by the course assessed at their grade level. The range for the grade of 3.0 is from 51% to 60% of the total possible score (100%).
3,5Students performing at this level demonstrate a beginning command of the knowledge and/or skills embodied by the course assessed at their grade level. The range for the grade of 3.5 is from 61% to 70% of the total possible score (100%).
4,0Students performing at this level demonstrate a developing command of the knowledge, skills, and practices embodied by the course at their grade level. The range for the grade of 4.0 is from 71% to 80% of the total possible score (100%).
4,5Students performing at this level demonstrate a moderate command of the knowledge, skills, and practices embodied by the course. Students at this level are approaching the standards at their grade level. The range for the grade of 4.5 is from 81% to 90% of the total possible score (100%).
5,0Students performing at this level demonstrate a distinguished and strong command of the knowledge, skills, and practices embodied by the course. Students at this level are meeting or extending the standards at their grade level. The range for the grade of 5.0 is from 91% to 100% of the total possible score (100%).
PoleKODZnaczenie kodu
Zamierzone efekty uczenia sięWM-WTMiT_2-_null_U01The ability to use the acquired knowledge to solve practical problems.
Cel przedmiotuC-1To give relevant knowledge for calculating and comparing benefits and costs of project or decision (hereafter, "project") in transport and logistics. Lecture has two purposes: (1) to determine if it is sound investment/decision (justification/feasibility) in transport and logistics, (2) to provide basis for comparing projects. It involves comparing total expected cost of each option against total expected benefits, to see whether benefits outweigh costs, and by how much.
Treści programoweT-P-1Cost benefit analysis steps of the sample business project in logistics and transport, the goals and objectives of the action: (1) list alternative actions, (2) list stakeholders, (3) select measurement(s) and measure all cost and benefit elements, (4) predict outcome of costs and benefits over the relevant time period, (5) convert all costs and benefits into a common currency, (6) apply static (non dependant on time) measurements, (7) apply discount rate, (8) calculate the net present value of actions under consideration, (9) perform sensitivity analysis, (10) adopt the recommended course of action.
Metody nauczaniaM-2Exercises
Sposób ocenyS-1Ocena podsumowująca: Students will be expected to complete written tests, projects and homework assignments as specified by the teacher.
S-2Ocena formująca: Student attendance and participation in class sessions play a vital role in successful course completion.
Kryteria ocenyOcenaKryterium oceny
2,0Students performing at this level demonstrate no evidence of the knowledge, skills, and practices embodied by the course assessed at their grade level. The range for the grade of 2.0 is from 0% to 50% of the total possible score (100%).
3,0Students performing at this level demonstrate a minimal command of the knowledge and/or skills embodied by the course assessed at their grade level. The range for the grade of 3.0 is from 51% to 60% of the total possible score (100%).
3,5Students performing at this level demonstrate a beginning command of the knowledge and/or skills embodied by the course assessed at their grade level. The range for the grade of 3.5 is from 61% to 70% of the total possible score (100%).
4,0Students performing at this level demonstrate a developing command of the knowledge, skills, and practices embodied by the course at their grade level. The range for the grade of 4.0 is from 71% to 80% of the total possible score (100%).
4,5Students performing at this level demonstrate a moderate command of the knowledge, skills, and practices embodied by the course. Students at this level are approaching the standards at their grade level. The range for the grade of 4.5 is from 81% to 90% of the total possible score (100%).
5,0Students performing at this level demonstrate a distinguished and strong command of the knowledge, skills, and practices embodied by the course. Students at this level are meeting or extending the standards at their grade level. The range for the grade of 5.0 is from 91% to 100% of the total possible score (100%).
PoleKODZnaczenie kodu
Zamierzone efekty uczenia sięWM-WTMiT_2-_null_K01Improvement of social and personal competencies including self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, relationship skills, responsible decision-making and others. Encouraging dialogue and mutual respect between peoples of different nations, cultures and faiths.
Cel przedmiotuC-1To give relevant knowledge for calculating and comparing benefits and costs of project or decision (hereafter, "project") in transport and logistics. Lecture has two purposes: (1) to determine if it is sound investment/decision (justification/feasibility) in transport and logistics, (2) to provide basis for comparing projects. It involves comparing total expected cost of each option against total expected benefits, to see whether benefits outweigh costs, and by how much.
Treści programoweT-P-1Cost benefit analysis steps of the sample business project in logistics and transport, the goals and objectives of the action: (1) list alternative actions, (2) list stakeholders, (3) select measurement(s) and measure all cost and benefit elements, (4) predict outcome of costs and benefits over the relevant time period, (5) convert all costs and benefits into a common currency, (6) apply static (non dependant on time) measurements, (7) apply discount rate, (8) calculate the net present value of actions under consideration, (9) perform sensitivity analysis, (10) adopt the recommended course of action.
Metody nauczaniaM-2Exercises
Sposób ocenyS-1Ocena podsumowująca: Students will be expected to complete written tests, projects and homework assignments as specified by the teacher.
S-2Ocena formująca: Student attendance and participation in class sessions play a vital role in successful course completion.
Kryteria ocenyOcenaKryterium oceny
2,0Students performing at this level demonstrate no evidence of increased social and emotional skills, improved attitude toward self and others, improved positive social behaviors, decreased conduct problems and emotional distress.
3,0Acceptable student's achivements in increased social and emotional skills, improved attitude toward self and others, improved positive social behaviors, decreased conduct problems and emotional distress.
3,5Below average student's achivements in increased social and emotional skills, improved attitude toward self and others, improved positive social behaviors, decreased conduct problems and emotional distress.
4,0Average student's achivements in increased social and emotional skills, improved attitude toward self and others, improved positive social behaviors, decreased conduct problems and emotional distress.
4,5Above average student's achivements in increased social and emotional skills, improved attitude toward self and others, improved positive social behaviors, decreased conduct problems and emotional distress.
5,0Oustending student's achivements in increased social and emotional skills, improved attitude toward self and others, improved positive social behaviors, decreased conduct problems and emotional distress.